K Sujatha
Chemistry is one of the majors for Science stream students and is considered difficult by some. Inorganic, organic, and physical are some of the domains this subject is demarcated. Physical chemistry is about the calculations for volume, pressure, temperature etc. Inorganic explains the chemical interactions between various elements and their compounds. Organic chemistry involves the hydrocarbons and their reactions. This was just a major elaboration deep down these fields have more to explore.
For attending this course, prior knowledge of Grade-10 Chemistry is required, this course assumes that students have prior experience with basic concept of Chemistry . This is class is for beginners on Chemistry of Grade-11.
Course | Fee per Class (In KlassCoins) | Duration | Type |
---|---|---|---|
CHEMISTRY GRADE-11 | 405 | 11 Months | Indiviual Classes |
Here I am K.Sujtha a dedicated and innovative Chemistry Educator with a strong foundation in both Chemistry education and technology integration. With 11 years of experience in the classroom and Ed-tech platform, I have honed my ability to inspire students' passion for chemistry while leveraging technology to enhance the learning experience. My commitment to fostering an engaging and interactive classroom environment, coupled with my proficiency inutilizing digital tools and resources, enables me to provide students with a well-rounded and contemporary education. I am enthusiastic about merging my knowledge of chemistryand technology to prepare students for the dynamic challenges of the modern world,equipping them with the skills and insights necessary for success in the digital age.
I am highly adaptable, thriving in new work challenges and conditions,and I continually seek innovative teaching methods to enhance thelearning experience. Collaborating closely with fellow educators andcounsellors, I am dedicated to providing a well-rounded, qualityeducational experience that extends beyond the classroom, ensuring thatstudents are not only academically prepared but also equipped with theskills and knowledge needed to excel in their future pursuits.
I am here to be a chemistry tutor for all grade students coming from any prart of the world. With a Master of Educational Studies, I possess a strong academic background and aproven track record of preparing students for competitive exams also.
Soft Skills
Technical Skills
Degree: Bachelors of Science - University: JNTU Ananthapur
Degree: Masters of Science - University: JNTU Ananthapur
Degree: Diploma in Pharmacy - University: Sri Pulla Redyy Government Technical College Kurnool
Chemistry is one of the majors for Science stream students and is considered difficult by some. Inorganic, organic, and physical are some of the domains this subject is demarcated. Physical chemistry is about the calculations for volume, pressure, temperature etc. Inorganic explains the chemical interactions between various elements and their compounds. Organic chemistry involves the hydrocarbons and their reactions. This was just a major elaboration deep down these fields have more to explore.
UNIT1: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
CHAPTER 2: Structure of Atom
CHAPTER 3:Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
CHAPTER 4:Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
CHAPTER 5:States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
CHAPTER 6:Chemical Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 7:Equilibrium
UNIT 2:INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 8:Redox Reactions
CHAPTER 9:Hydrogen
CHAPTER 10:s -Block Elements
CHAPTER 11:Some p -Block Elements
UNIT 3 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 12:Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques
CHAPTER 13:Hydrocarbons
CHAPTER 14:Environmental Chemistry
UNIT 1 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Study of matter. Understanding laws of chemical combination. Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Isotopic (atomic) and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula. Stoichiometry and calculations based on chemical reactions.
(I) Precision and accuracy:
Quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, significant figures, SI units.
(ii)Dimensional analysis:
Conversion of units, numericals and applications of units.
(iii)The concept of atoms having fixed properties in explaining the laws of chemical combination.
Study about atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory: Main postulates of the theory; its limitations. Laws of chemical combinations:
● Law of conservation of mass.
● Law of definite proportions.
● Law of multiple proportions.
● Law of reciprocal proportions.
● Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes.
Statement, explanation and simple problems based on these laws.
(iv) Atomic (isotopic masses) and molecular mass.
Relative molecular mass and mole:
The atomic mass unit is one of the experimentally determined unit. It is equal to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope.
Numerical problems based on mole concept, Avogadro’s number and gram molecular volume.
(v) Empirical and molecular formula: Numericals based on the above.
(vi) Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be taken as a standard for expressing atomic masses.
Equivalent weight expressing the combining capacity of the elements with the standard elements such as H, Cl, O, Ag, etc.
Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent weights, relationship between gram equivalent weight, gram molecular mass and valency.
Determination of equivalent weight of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidising and reducing agents. (experimental details not required).
Terms used in volumetric calculations such as percentage (w/w and w/v), normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. should be discussed. Students are required to know the formulae and normality and molarity equations.
Simple calculations on the above topics.
(vii) Chemical reactions – stoichiometric calculations based on mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume relationships and limiting reagent.
CHAPTER 2. Structure of Atom
Discovery of fundamental particles electron, proton and neutron), atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson’s model and its limitations. Rutherford’s experimental model and its limitations. Dual nature of matter and light. Bohr’s atomic model and its limitations (de Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle), concept of shells, subshells, orbitals. Quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half- filled and completely filled orbitals.
(iv) Bohr’s atomic model.
● Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on Planck’s quantum theory.
● Merits of Bohr’s atomic model and explanation of hydrogen spectra. Calculations based on Rydberg’s formula.
● Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii, velocity and energy of orbits (derivation not required).
● Defects in Bohr’s Model.
(v) Quantum mechanical model of an atom – a simple mathematical treatment. Quantum numbers; shape, size and orientation of s, p and d orbitals only (no derivation). Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells.
• de Broglie’s equation. Numericals.
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Numericals.
• Schrodinger Wave Equation – physical significance of Ψ and |Ψ| 2 .
• Quantum numbers – types of quantum numbers, shape, size and orientation of the s, p and d subshells. Information obtained in terms of distance of electron from the nucleus, node, nodal planes and radial probability curve, energy of electron, number of electrons present in an orbit and an orbital.
• aufbau principle, (n+l) rule.
• Pauli’s exclusion principle.
• Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
• Electronic configuration of elements and ions in terms of s, p, d, f subshells and stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
CHAPTER 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification; study of Mendeleev’s periodic law and its limitations; Modern Periodic Law and the present form of periodic table leading to periodic trends in properties of elements – atomic radii, ionic radii, valency , ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Mendeleev’s periodic law, defects in the Mendeleev’s periodic table. Advantages and disadvantages. Modern periodic law (atomic number taken as the basis of classification of the elements).
General characteristics of groups and periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d and f blocks. IUPAC nomenclature for elements with Z> 100.
Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, metallic and non-metallic characteristics.
• Periodic properties such as valence electrons, atomic and ionic radii and their variation in groups and periods.
• The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity must be given and their variation in groups and periods may be discussed.
• The factors (atomic number, screening effect and shielding effect, the number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which affect these periodic properties and their variation in groups and periods.
(iv)Periodic trends in chemical properties – periodicity of valence or oxidation states. Anomalous properties of second-period elements. Diagonal relationship; acidic and basic nature of oxides.
CHAPTER 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond character, covalent bond of ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, VSEPR theory, geometry of covalent molecules, valence bond theory, concept of hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules. Coordinate bond. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Resonance and hydrogen bond.
The conditions necessary for the formation of ionic bonds such as:
Low ionisation enthalpy of metals.
All these points must be discussed in detail. The formation of cations and anions of elements and their positions in the periodic table. Variable electrovalency; reasons for variable electrovalencyi.e, due to inert electron pair effect and unstable core, by using suitable examples. Calculation of lattice enthalpy (Born-Haber cycle). Characteristics of electrovalent bond.
vii) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. formation of oxy-acids of chlorine: Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: definition, formation of chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion, hydronium ion, nitric acid, ozone.
CHAPTER 5. States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
States of matter and their characteristic properties to establish the concept of the molecule. Boyle’s law, Charles law, GayLussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, Avogadro’s number, ideal behaviour of gases and derivation of ideal gas equation. Kinetic Theory of gases, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea). Deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waal’s equation, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. Liquid state – vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematicalderivations).
CHAPTER 6. Chemical Thermodynamics
i)Introduction, concepts, types of system, surroundings, extensive, intensive properties and state functions. Types of system – ideal system, real system, isolated system, closed system, open system. Meaning of surroundings. Properties of the system: macroscopic, intensive and extensive properties. State of the system. Main processes the system undergoes: reversible, irreversible, adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic. Meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium. Meaning of thermodynamic process.
ii) First Law of Thermodynamics and its significance, work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy (∆U or ∆E and ∆H), heat capacity and specific heat. Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomisation, sublimation, phase transition, ionisation, solution and dilution. Meaning of: internal energy of the system, work done by the system, by the surroundings at constant temperature, heat absorbed by the system and by the surroundings at constant temperature. The sign convention for change in internal energy, heat given out or gained, work done by the system or by the surroundings. State function and path function – meaning with examples. Internal energy change, work done and heat absorbed in a cyclic process. Internal energy change in an isolated system and in a non-isolated system. Total internal energy change of a system and surroundings. Mathematical statement of the first law. Significance of first law of thermodynamics. Need for enthalpy – constant pressure or open vessel processes. Enthalpy – a thermodynamic property, state function. Mathematical form of enthalpy. Heat – the energy in transit. Conditions for the transfer of heat. Limitations in conversion of heat into work. Condition at which heat transfer ceases, unit of heat. Meaning of work, capacity to do work, types of work. Mathematical form of reversible work and irreversible work. Difference between the reversible and irreversible work done – graphically. Relationship between Cv and internal energy change. Relationship between Cp and Cv. Definitions of the following: Heat of reaction: Heat of formation – standard heat of formation, Heat of solution, Heat of dilution, Heat of neutralization, Heat of combustion. Constancy in the heat of neutralisation: Experimental verification in case of strong acids and strong bases. Reason for that observation – ionic neutralisation and the heat evolved. Definition of Calorific value of a fuel. Statement of Hess’ Law and its application. Problems based on Hess’ Law.
(iii)Second Law of Thermodynamics and its significance, spontaneity of a chemical change; Entropy, Free Energy. Inadequacy of First Law and need for Second Law; Ideas about reversible (recapitulation), spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes Meaning of entropy – derived from Second Law – statement of Second Law in terms of entropy; Physical significance of entropy; State function and not path function. Entropy change of the universe, reversible isothermal process and irreversible process. Meaning of thermal death, Gibb’s free energy of the system and Helmholtz free energy. Relationship between Gibb’s free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy. Relationship between change in Gibb’s free energy and equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. Defining the criteria for spontaneity of a chemical change in terms of Gibb’s free energy. Note: Numericals based on the First Law, Second Law of Thermodynamics and Hess’ Law.
iv)Third Law of Thermodynamics – Statement only. Self-explanatory
CHAPTER 7. Equilibrium
Introduction of physical and chemical equilibrium and its characteristics Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant and factors affecting equilibrium. Le Chatelier’s principle and its applications. Irreversible and reversible reactions. Physical equilibrium: solid-liquid, liquid-vapour, solid-vapour; Characteristics of Physical equilibrium.
Chemical equilibrium: Characteristics of chemical equilibrium; dynamic nature. Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant in terms of concentration Kc. Gaseous reactions; Equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures Kp. Relationship between Kp and Kc (derivation required); Characteristics of equilibrium constant; Units for equilibrium constant; Simple calculations of equilibrium constant and concentration. The following examples should be considered to show maximum yield of products:
Le Chatelier’s Principle. Statement and explanation.
Factors affecting chemical and physical equilibria should be discussed in the light of Le Chatelier’s principle.
Introduction, electrolyte (strong and weak), non-electrolyte, ionisation, degree of ionisation of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, pH indicators, buffer solution, common ion effect (with illustrative examples). Henderson equation, hydrolysis of salts, solubility and solubility product. Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation. Strength of acids and bases based on their dissociation constant. Problems based on the Ostwald’s dilution law. Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases, multistage ionisation of acids and bases with examples. Ionic product of water – definition, pH, pOH, pKw of solutions. pH indicators and their choice in titrimetry. Numericals on the above concepts. Common ion effect – definition, examples (acetic acid and sodium acetate; ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride), applications in salt analysis. Salt hydrolysis – salts of strong acids and weak bases, weak acids and strong bases, weak acids and weak bases and the pH formula of the solutions of these salts in water with suitable examples. Buffer solutions: definition, examples, action; its interpretations based on Le Chatelier’s principle. Henderson equation. Solubility product: definition and application in qualitative salt analysis (Group II, III and IV cations).
Numericals on pH, buffer solutions, solubility and solubility product.
UNIT 2 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 8. Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, change in oxidation number, balancing redox reactions (in terms of loss and gain of electrons). Applications of redox in various types of chemical reactions.
CHAPTER 9. Hydrogen
Hydrogen and its compounds: hydrides, water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide. Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides (ionic covalent and interstitial); hydrogen as a fuel. Physical and chemical properties of water, soft and hard water, and removal of hardness of water, heavy water. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation from peroxide, structure, oxidising properties: reaction with KI, PbS, acidified FeSO4; reducing properties – reaction with acidified KMnO4 and chlorine. Calculation of strength of hydrogen peroxide.
CHAPTER 10. s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
General characterises of Group 1 and 2 should include the following: Occurrence; physical state; electronic configuration; atomic and ionic radii; common oxidation state; electropositive /electronegative character; ionisation enthalpy; reducing/oxidising nature; distinctive behaviour of first member of each group (namely Lithium, Beryllium); nature of oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, carbonates, nitrates; chlorides, sulphates.
Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium thiosulphate; biological importance of sodium and potassium. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, plaster of paris and cement. Industrial uses of the above, biological importance of magnesium and calcium.
Group 1:
Sodium chloride – uses.
• Sodium hydroxide – only the principle of preparation by Castner-Kellner cell. Uses.
• Sodium carbonate – principal and equation of Solvay’s process. Uses.
• Sodium bicarbonate – preparation from sodium carbonate. Uses.
• Sodium thiosulphate – preparation from sodium sulphite and its reaction with iodine, dilute acids and silver nitrate. Uses.
Group 2:
• Magnesium chloride hexahydrate – preparation from magnesium oxide. Effect of heat. Uses
• Calcium oxide – preparation from limestone; reaction with water, carbon dioxide and silica. Uses.
• Calcium hydroxide – preparation from calcium oxide and uses.
• Calcium carbonate – preparation from calcium hydroxide and uses.
• Plaster of Paris – preparation from gypsum. Uses.
• Manufacture of cement. Uses.
CHAPTER 11. Some p -Block Element
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron – physical and chemical properties.
Borax- reaction with water and action of heat on hydrated compound (preparation not required).
Borax Bead Test.
Diborane – Preparation properties, structure and uses. Boric acid – preparation and action of heat. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalies. Alums – preparation and uses.
General characteristics, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms. Structure of diamond graphite and fullerene; stability of +2 oxidation state down the group in terms of inert pair effect.
UNIT 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 12. Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds and isomerism. Methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis. Electron displacement in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic bond fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Vital force theory, reason for separate study of organic chemistry and its importance, characteristics of carbon atoms (tetra valency), Reasons for large number of organic compounds: catenation, isomerism and multiple bonding, etc.
ii) Classification of organic compounds: (definition and examples): open chain, closed chain, homocyclic, hetrocyclic, aromatic, alicyclic compounds, homologous series and its characteristics, functional groups.
Structural isomerism: definition, classification, examples. Chain isomerism, Positional isomerism, Functional isomerism, Metamerism, Tautomerism – examples for each of the above. Stereoisomerism: definition and classification, examples. Geometrical isomerism: Definition. Conditions for compounds to exhibit geometrical isomerism; types and examples, cis and trans, syn and anti. Examples. Optical isomerism: Definition, Nicol prism, plane polarised light. Polari meter. Method of measuring angle of rotation. Specific rotation. Conditions for optical activity. D, l form; External compensation, Internal compensation, racemic mixture & meso form. Examples – lactic acid and tartaric acid.
Detection of elements (qualitative analysis) such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens and sulphur should be considered by using Lassaigne’s test and reactions involved in it.
vi) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorous: Estimation of carbon and hydrogen – Leibig’s method. Estimation of nitrogen – Kjeldahl’s method. Estimation of halogens sulphur and phosphorous – Carius method. Numericals included. Experimental details required.
(vii)Types of chemical reactions and their mechanisms.
Substitution, addition, elimination reactions: definition and examples. Homolytic and heterolytic fission – definition and examples. Free radicals, carbocation, carbanion (their reactivities and stabilities). Electrophiles and nucleophiles – definition and examples (including neutral electrophiles and nucleophiles). Inductive, electromeric, mesomeric effect and hyperconjugation – definition, examples.
CHAPTER13. Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons
iii) Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), methods of preparation; physical properties, chemical properties: acidic character of alkynes, addition reactions – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. General methods of preparations of alkynes. Manufacture of ethyne by calcium carbide and from natural gas. Dehydrohalogenation and Kolbe’s electrolytic method. Physical properties of alkynes: State of existence, freezing point, melting point, boiling point, density. Chemical properties of alkynes – addition reactions (hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water), acidic nature of alkynes, formation of acetylides. Oxidation: complete combustion, hot and cold alkaline KMnO4 (Baeyer’s reagent), ozonolysis. Polymerisation. Uses of alkynes. Distinguishing test between Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne.
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene
Resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity. Structure: Resonance structures (Kekule’s) of benzene. Benzene: Preparation from sodium benzoate and from phenol. Physical properties: State of existence, freezing point, melting point, boiling point, density.
Chemical properties:
Carcinogenicity and toxicity of benzene may be discussed and uses
CHAPTER14. Environmental Chemistry
Types of environmental pollution (air, water and soil pollution); various types of pollutants: smog, acid rain; effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming. Pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution; strategies for control of environmental pollution. Gaseous pollutants: oxides of nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and global warming; acid rain; Particulate pollutants: smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention. Water pollutants: pathogens, organic waste, chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention. Soil Pollutants: pesticides, herbicides. Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution.
The audience of this course is students of Grade-11 from ICSE Board. All the Chapters are well designed and its coverage as per latest curriculum released by the board. Still Student have complete flexibility to enhance or modify the course coverage during the course of learning process with Teacher. We are expecting that students of Grade-11 should drive their classes with Teacher as per chapters mentioned and also as per syllabus of their school and applicable School district or Board.
For attending this course, prior knowledge of Grade-10 Chemistry is required, this course assumes that students have prior experience with basic concept of Chemistry . This is class is for beginners on Chemistry of Grade-11.